Caterina van Hemessen or Catharina van Hemessen
Paintings
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Caterina, or Catharina van Hemessen (1528 – after 1587) was a Flemish Renaissance painter. She is the earliest female Flemish painter for whom there is verifiable extant work. She is mainly known for a series of small scale female portraits completed between the late 1540s and early 1550s and a few religious compositions.[2]
Van Hemessen is often given the distinction of creating the first self-portrait of an artist (of either gender) depicted seated at an easel. This portrait, created in 1548, shows the artist in the early stages of painting a portrait and is now part of the collection of the Kunstmuseum Basel.[3] Other paintings by van Hemessen are in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and in the National Gallery, London.
A number of obstacles stood in the way of contemporary women who wished to become painters. Their training would involve both the dissection of cadavers and the study of the nude male form, while the system of apprenticeship meant that the aspiring artist would need to live with an older artist for 4–5 years, often beginning from the age of 9-15. For these reasons, female artists were extremely rare, and those that did make it through were typically trained by a close relative, in van Hemessen's case, by her father, Jan Sanders van Hemessen.[4]
Life
She was the daughter of Jan Sanders van Hemessen (c. 1500-after 1563), a prominent Mannerist painter in Antwerp who had studied in Italy.[5] Her father is believed to have been her teacher.[6] She became a master in the Guild of St. Luke and was the teacher of three students.
Portrait of a Lady, c. 1551. Bowes Museum, Durham
Van Hemessen was a successful painter.[6] She gained an important patron in the 1540s in the person of Maria of Austria, who served as regent of the Low Countries on behalf of her brother Charles V. In 1554, van Hemessen married Christian de Morien, an organist at the Antwerp Cathedral, which was at that time an important post. In 1556, when Maria resigned her post and returned to Spain, Catharina and her husband moved, at the invitation of her patron, to Spain. Two years later, when Maria died, Catharina was given a sizeable pension for life. Catharina and her husband returned to Antwerp where they are recorded in 1661. At that time the couple was childless. Her husband received an appointment to work in 's Hertogenbosch and the couple moved there around 1565.[7]
In her lifetime she was mentioned by two Italian artist biographers, Lodovico Guicciardini in his Description of the Low Countries of 1567 and Giorgio Vasari in his Vite of 1568.[8]
She died after 1587.
Work
While she did create at least two religious paintings, she was mainly a portraitist. Eight small portraits and two religious pictures, with dates between 1548 and 1552, bearing her signature have survived.[9] She portrayed ostensibly wealthy men and women often posed against a dark background. The delicate figures she painted have a graceful charm and are provided with stylish costumes and accessories.[9] Her best-known work is her self-portrait (Kunstmuseum Basel). She inscribed the painting with the year, 1548, and her age, 20 years.[10] Around the same time she also painted a picture of a woman at a spinet, which may have been a portrait of her sister.[9]
Her portraits are characterized by their realism. The one self-portrait and the half a dozen other portraits that have been attributed to her are small, quiet pictures. The sitters, often seated, were usually seen against a dark or neutral ground. This type of framing and setting made for an intimate portrait.
She produced religious compositions which were generally less successful than her portraits.[9]
There are no extant works later than 1554, which has led some historians to believe her artistic career might have ended after her marriage, which was a common occurrence in the case of female artists.[6]
Selected works
Main article: List of paintings by Catharina van Hemessen
Portrait of a Lady, 1551, National Gallery, London
Portrait of a Lady in 16th Century Dress, Bowes Museum
Young Woman Playing the Virginals, 1548, Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz Museum
Notes
Frances Borzello, Seeing Ourselves: Women's Self-Portraiture 1998
Jones, 136
Kemperdick, 15
Kleiner, 406
Catharina van Hemessen at the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Dutch)
Heller, Nancy G. (1997). Women artists : an illustrated history (3rd ed. ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-7892-0345-6.
Karolien de Clippel, Catharina van Hemessen (1528 - na 1567): een monografische studie over een 'uytnemende wel geschickte vrouwe in de conste der schilderyen, Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van Belgie voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten, 2004, p. 32 (Dutch)
Catharina van Hemessen, in: Delia Gaze, Dictionary of Women Artists: Artists, J-Z, Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 661
Burr Wallen. "Hemessen." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 18 Apr. 2015
Kleiner, 519
Sources
Chadwick, Whitney, Women, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990
Jones, Susan Frances. Van Eyck to Gossaert. London: National Gallery, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85709-504-3
Harris, Anne Sutherland and Linda Nochlin, Women Artists: 1550-1950, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1976
Kemperdick, Stephan. The Early Portrait, from the Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein and the Kunstmuseum Basel. Munich: Prestel, 2006. ISBN 3-7913-3598-7
Kleiner, Fred. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. Wadsworth, 2009. ISBN 0-495-57364-7
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