ART

Micro black holes, also called quantum mechanical black holes or mini black holes, are hypothetical tiny black holes, for which quantum mechanical effects play an important role.[1] The concept that black holes may exist that are smaller than stellar mass was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Hawking.[2]

It is possible that such quantum primordial black holes were created in the high-density environment of the early Universe (or Big Bang), or possibly through subsequent phase transitions. They might be observed by astrophysicists through the particles they are expected to emit by Hawking radiation.

Some hypotheses involving additional space dimensions predict that micro black holes could be formed at energies as low as the TeV range, which are available in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider. Popular concerns have then been raised over end-of-the-world scenarios (see Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider). However, such quantum black holes would instantly evaporate, either totally or leaving only a very weakly interacting residue. Beside the theoretical arguments, the cosmic rays hitting the Earth do not produce any damage, although they reach energies in the range of hundreds of TeV.

Minimum mass of a black hole

In principle, a black hole can have any mass equal to or above about 2.2×10−8 kg or 22 micrograms (the Planck mass).[2] To make a black hole, one must concentrate mass or energy sufficiently that the escape velocity from the region in which it is concentrated exceeds the speed of light. This condition gives the Schwarzschild radius, R = 2GM/c2, where G is the gravitational constant, c is the speed of light, and M the mass of the black hole. On the other hand, the Compton wavelength, λ = h/Mc, where h is the Planck constant, represents a limit on the minimum size of the region in which a mass M at rest can be localized. For sufficiently small M, the reduced Compton wavelength (ƛ = ħ/Mc, where ħ is the reduced Planck constant) exceeds half the Schwarzschild radius, and no black hole description exists. This smallest mass for a black hole is thus approximately the Planck mass.

Some extensions of present physics posit the existence of extra dimensions of space. In higher-dimensional spacetime, the strength of gravity increases more rapidly with decreasing distance than in three dimensions. With certain special configurations of the extra dimensions, this effect can lower the Planck scale to the TeV range. Examples of such extensions include large extra dimensions, special cases of the Randall–Sundrum model, and string theory configurations like the GKP solutions. In such scenarios, black hole production could possibly be an important and observable effect at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).[1][3][4][5][6] It would also be a common natural phenomenon induced by cosmic rays.

All this assumes that the theory of general relativity remains valid at these small distances. If it does not, then other, presently unknown, effects might limit the minimum size of a black hole. Elementary particles are equipped with a quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin). The correct conservation law for the total (orbital plus spin) angular momentum of matter in curved spacetime requires that spacetime is equipped with torsion. The simplest and most natural theory of gravity with torsion is the Einstein–Cartan theory.[7][8] Torsion modifies the Dirac equation in the presence of the gravitational field and causes fermion particles to be spatially extended. In this case the spatial extension of fermions limits the minimum mass of a black hole to be on the order of 1016 kg, showing that micro black holes may not exist. The energy necessary to produce such a black hole is 39 orders of magnitude greater than the energies available at the Large Hadron Collider, indicating that the LHC cannot produce mini black holes. But if black holes are produced, then the theory of general relativity is proven wrong and does not exist at these small distances. The rules of general relativity would be broken, as is consistent with theories of how matter, space, and time break down around the event horizon of a black hole. This would prove the spatial extensions of the fermion limits to be incorrect as well. The fermion limits assume a minimum mass needed to sustain a black hole, as opposed to the opposite, the minimum mass needed to start a black hole, which in theory is achievable in the LHC under some conditions.[9][10]
Stability
Hawking radiation
Main article: Hawking radiation

In 1975, Stephen Hawking argued that, due to quantum effects, black holes "evaporate" by a process now referred to as Hawking radiation in which elementary particles (such as photons, electrons, quarks, gluons) are emitted.[11] His calculations showed that the smaller the size of the black hole, the faster the evaporation rate, resulting in a sudden burst of particles as the micro black hole suddenly explodes.

Any primordial black hole of sufficiently low mass will evaporate to near the Planck mass within the lifetime of the Universe. In this process, these small black holes radiate away matter. A rough picture of this is that pairs of virtual particles emerge from the vacuum near the event horizon, with one member of a pair being captured, and the other escaping the vicinity of the black hole. The net result is the black hole loses mass (due to conservation of energy). According to the formulae of black hole thermodynamics, the more the black hole loses mass, the hotter it becomes, and the faster it evaporates, until it approaches the Planck mass. At this stage, a black hole would have a Hawking temperature of TP/8π (5.6×1032 K), which means an emitted Hawking particle would have an energy comparable to the mass of the black hole. Thus, a thermodynamic description breaks down. Such a micro black hole would also have an entropy of only 4π nats, approximately the minimum possible value. At this point then, the object can no longer be described as a classical black hole, and Hawking's calculations also break down.

While Hawking radiation is sometimes questioned,[12] Leonard Susskind summarizes an expert perspective in his book The Black Hole War: "Every so often, a physics paper will appear claiming that black holes don't evaporate. Such papers quickly disappear into the infinite junk heap of fringe ideas."[13]
Conjectures for the final state

Conjectures for the final fate of the black hole include total evaporation and production of a Planck-mass-sized black hole remnant. Such Planck-mass black holes may in effect be stable objects if the quantized gaps between their allowed energy levels bar them from emitting Hawking particles or absorbing energy gravitationally like a classical black hole. In such case, they would be weakly interacting massive particles; this could explain dark matter.[14]
Primordial black holes

Main article: Primordial black hole
Formation in the early Universe

Production of a black hole requires concentration of mass or energy within the corresponding Schwarzschild radius. It was hypothesized by Zel'dovich and Novikov first and independently by Hawking that, shortly after the Big Bang, the Universe was dense enough for any given region of space to fit within its own Schwarzschild radius. Even so, at that time, the Universe was not able to collapse into a singularity due to its uniform mass distribution and rapid growth. This, however, does not fully exclude the possibility that black holes of various sizes may have emerged locally. A black hole formed in this way is called a primordial black hole and is the most widely accepted hypothesis for the possible creation of micro black holes. Computer simulations suggest that the probability of formation of a primordial black hole is inversely proportional to its mass. Thus, the most likely outcome would be micro black holes.
Expected observable effects

A primordial black hole with an initial mass of around 1012 kg would be completing its evaporation today; a less massive primordial black hole would have already evaporated.[1] Under optimal conditions, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope satellite, launched in June 2008, might detect experimental evidence for evaporation of nearby black holes by observing gamma ray bursts.[15][16][17] It is unlikely that a collision between a microscopic black hole and an object such as a star or a planet would be noticeable. The small radius and high density of the black hole would allow it to pass straight through any object consisting of normal atoms, interacting with only few of its atoms while doing so. It has, however, been suggested that a small black hole of sufficient mass passing through the Earth would produce a detectable acoustic or seismic signal.[18][19][20][a]
Human-made micro black holes
Feasibility of production

In familiar three-dimensional gravity, the minimum energy of a microscopic black hole is 1019 GeV (equivalent to 1.6 GJ or 444 kWh), which would have to be condensed into a region on the order of the Planck length. This is far beyond the limits of any current technology. It is estimated that to collide two particles to within a distance of a Planck length with currently achievable magnetic field strengths would require a ring accelerator about 1,000 light years in diameter to keep the particles on track. Stephen Hawking also said in chapter 6 of his A Brief History of Time that physicist John Archibald Wheeler once calculated that a very powerful hydrogen bomb using all the deuterium in all the water on Earth could also generate such a black hole, but Hawking does not provide this calculation or any reference to it to support this assertion.

However, in some scenarios involving extra dimensions of space, the Planck mass can be as low as the TeV range. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has a design energy of 14 TeV for proton–proton collisions and 1,150 TeV for Pb–Pb collisions. It was argued in 2001 that, in these circumstances, black hole production could be an important and observable effect at the LHC[3][4][5][6][21] or future higher-energy colliders. Such quantum black holes should decay emitting sprays of particles that could be seen by detectors at these facilities.[3][4] A paper by Choptuik and Pretorius, published in 2010 in Physical Review Letters, presented a computer-generated proof that micro black holes must form from two colliding particles with sufficient energy, which might be allowable at the energies of the LHC if additional dimensions are present other than the customary four (three spatial, one temporal).[22][23]
Further information: Kugelblitz (astrophysics)
Safety arguments
Main article: Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

Hawking's calculation[2] and more general quantum mechanical arguments predict that micro black holes evaporate almost instantaneously. Additional safety arguments beyond those based on Hawking radiation were given in the paper,[24][25] which showed that in hypothetical scenarios with stable black holes that could damage Earth, such black holes would have been produced by cosmic rays and would have already destroyed known astronomical objects such as the Earth, Sun, neutron stars, or white dwarfs.
Black holes in quantum theories of gravity

It is possible, in some theories of quantum gravity, to calculate the quantum corrections to ordinary, classical black holes. Contrarily to conventional black holes, which are solutions of gravitational field equations of the general theory of relativity, quantum gravity black holes incorporate quantum gravity effects in the vicinity of the origin, where classically a curvature singularity occurs. According to the theory employed to model quantum gravity effects, there are different kinds of quantum gravity black holes, namely loop quantum black holes, non-commutative black holes, asymptotically safe black holes. In these approaches, black holes are singularity-free.

Virtual micro black holes were proposed by Stephen Hawking in 1995[26] and by Fabio Scardigli in 1999 as part of a Grand Unified Theory as a quantum gravity candidate.[27][28]
See also

iconStar portal

Black holes in fiction
Planck particle
Holeum
Kugelblitz (astrophysics)
Black hole starship
Black hole electron

Notes

The Schwarzschild radius of a 1012 kg black hole is approximately 148 fm (1.48×10−13 m), which is much smaller than an atom but larger than an atomic nucleus.

References

Carr, B. J.; Giddings, S. B. (2005). "Quantum black holes" . Scientific American. 292 (5): 48–55. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292e..48C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0505-48. PMID 15882021.
Hawking, Stephen W. (1971). "Gravitationally collapsed objects of very low mass". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 152: 75. Bibcode:1971MNRAS.152...75H. doi:10.1093/mnras/152.1.75.
Giddings, S. B.; Thomas, S. D. (2002). "High-energy colliders as black hole factories: The End of short distance physics". Physical Review D. 65 (5): 056010.arXiv:hep-ph/0106219. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65e6010G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010. S2CID 1203487.
Dimopoulos, S.; Landsberg, G. L. (2001). "Black Holes at the Large Hadron Collider". Physical Review Letters. 87 (16): 161602.arXiv:hep-ph/0106295. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87p1602D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.161602. PMID 11690198. S2CID 119375071.
Johnson, George (September 11, 2001). "Physicists Strive to Build A Black Hole". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
"The case for mini black holes". CERN Courier. November 2004.
Sciama, Dennis W. (1964). "The physical structure of general relativity". Reviews of Modern Physics. 36 (1): 463–469. Bibcode:1964RvMP...36..463S. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.36.463.
Kibble, Tom W.B. (1961). "Lorentz invariance and the gravitational field". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 2 (2): 212–221. Bibcode:1961JMP.....2..212K. doi:10.1063/1.1703702.
Hawking, Stephen. "New doomsday warning". MSNBC.
Popławski, Nikodem J. (2010). "Nonsingular Dirac particles in spacetime with torsion". Physics Letters B. 690 (1): 73–77.arXiv:0910.1181. Bibcode:2010PhLB..690...73P. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.04.073.
Hawking, S. W. (1975). "Particle Creation by Black Holes". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 43 (3): 199–220. Bibcode:1975CMaPh..43..199H. doi:10.1007/BF02345020. S2CID 55539246.
Helfer, A. D. (2003). "Do black holes radiate?". Reports on Progress in Physics. 66 (6): 943–1008.arXiv:gr-qc/0304042. Bibcode:2003RPPh...66..943H. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/66/6/202. S2CID 16668175.
Susskind, L. (2008). The Black Hole War: My battle with Stephen Hawking to make the world safe for quantum mechanics. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-01640-7.
MacGibbon, J. H. (1987). "Can Planck-mass relics of evaporating black holes close the Universe?". Nature. 329 (6137): 308–309. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..308M. doi:10.1038/329308a0. S2CID 4286464.
Barrau, A. (2000). "Primordial black holes as a source of extremely high energy cosmic rays". Astroparticle Physics. 12 (4): 269–275.arXiv:astro-ph/9907347. Bibcode:2000APh....12..269B. doi:10.1016/S0927-6505(99)00103-6. S2CID 17011869.
McKee, M. (30 May 2006). "Satellite could open door on extra dimension". New Scientist.
"Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope: "Mini" black hole detection". Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
Khriplovich, I. B.; Pomeransky, A. A.; Produit, N.; Ruban, G. Yu. (2008). "Can one detect passage of small black hole through the Earth?". Physical Review D. 77 (6): 064017.arXiv:0710.3438. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77f4017K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.064017. S2CID 118604599.
Khriplovich, I. B.; Pomeransky, A. A.; Produit, N.; Ruban, G. Yu. (2008). "Passage of small black hole through the Earth. Is it detectable?". 0801: 4623.arXiv:0801.4623. Bibcode:2008arXiv0801.4623K.
Cain, Fraser (20 June 2007). "Are Microscopic Black Holes Buzzing Inside the Earth?". Universe Today.
Schewe, Phil; Riordon, James; Stein, Ben (September 26, 2001). "The Black Hole of Geneva". Bulletin of Physics News. 558. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2005-02-10.
Choptuik, Matthew W.; Pretorius, Frans (2010). "Ultrarelativistic Particle Collisions". Physical Review Letters 104 (11): 111101.arXiv:0908.1780. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104k1101C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.111101. PMID 20366461. S2CID 6137302.
Peng, G.-X.; Wen, X.-J.; Chen, Y.-D. (2006). "New solutions for the color-flavor locked strangelets". Physics Letters B. 633 (2–3): 314–318.arXiv:hep-ph/0512112. Bibcode:2006PhLB..633..314P. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.11.081. S2CID 118880361.
Giddings, S. B.; Mangano, M. L. (2008). "Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes". Physical Review D. 78 (3): 035009.arXiv:0806.3381. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78c5009G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.035009. S2CID 17240525.
Peskin, M. E. (2008). "The end of the world at the Large Hadron Collider?". Physics. 1: 14. Bibcode:2008PhyOJ...1...14P. doi:10.1103/Physics.1.14.
Hawking, Stephen (1995). "Virtual Black Holes". Physical Review D. 53 (6): 3099–3107.arXiv:hep-th/9510029. Bibcode:1996PhRvD..53.3099H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.53.3099. PMID 10020307. S2CID 14666004.
Scardigli, Fabio (1999). "Generalized Uncertainty Principle in Quantum Gravity from Micro-Black Hole Gedanken Experiment". Physics Letters B. 452 (1–2): 39–44.arXiv:hep-th/9904025. Bibcode:1999PhLB..452...39S. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00167-7. S2CID 14440837.

"Quantum Action Principle with GUT November, 2013, Jie Gu suggests Scardigli ..."

Bibliography

Page, Don N. (15 January 1976). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole". Physical Review D. 13 (2): 198–206. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..198P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198: first detailed studies of the evaporation mechanism
Carr, B. J.; Hawking, S. W. (1 August 1974). "Black holes in the early universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 168 (2): 399–415.arXiv:1209.2243. Bibcode:1974MNRAS.168..399C. doi:10.1093/mnras/168.2.399: links between primordial black holes and the early universe
A. Barrau et al., Astron. Astrophys. 388 (2002) 676, Astron. Astrophys. 398 (2003) 403, Astrophys. J. 630 (2005) 1015 : experimental searches for primordial black holes thanks to the emitted antimatter
A. Barrau & G. Boudoul, Review talk given at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics TH2002 : cosmology with primordial black holes
A. Barrau & J. Grain, Phys. Lett. B 584 (2004) 114 : searches for new physics (quantum gravity) with primordial black holes
P. Kanti, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A19 (2004) 4899 : evaporating black holes and extra dimensions
D. Ida, K.-y. Oda & S.C.Park, [1]: determination of black hole's life and extra dimensions
Sabine Hossenfelder: What Black Holes Can Teach Us, hep-ph/0412265
L. Modesto, PhysRevD.70.124009: Disappearance of Black Hole Singularity in Quantum Gravity
P. Nicolini, A. Smailacic, E. Spallucci, j.physletb.2005.11.004: Noncommutative geometry inspired Schwarzschild black hole
A. Bonanno, M. Reuter, PhysRevD.73.083005: Spacetime Structure of an Evaporating Black Hole in Quantum Gravity
Fujioka, Shinsuke; et al. (18 October 2009). "X-ray astronomy in the laboratory with a miniature compact object produced by laser-driven implosion". Nature Physics. 5 (11): 821–825.arXiv:0909.0315. Bibcode:2009NatPh...5..821F. doi:10.1038/nphys1402. S2CID 56423571.: X-ray astronomy in the laboratory with a miniature compact object produced by laser-driven implosion
Harrison, B. K.; Thorne, K. S.; Wakano, M.; Wheeler, J. A. Gravitation Theory and Gravitational Collapse, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 pages 80–81

External links

Mini black hole (physics) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes
Mini Black Holes Might Reveal 5th Dimension – Ker Than. Space.com June 26, 2006 10:42am ET
Doomsday Machine Large Hadron Collider? – A scientific essay about energies, dimensions, black holes, and the associated public attention to CERN, by Norbert Frischauf (also available as Podcast)

vte

Black holes
Types

Schwarzschild Rotating Charged Virtual Kugelblitz Primordial Planck particle


Black hole - Messier 87 crop max res.jpg
Size

Micro
Extremal Electron Stellar
Microquasar Intermediate-mass Supermassive
Active galactic nucleus Quasar Blazar

Formation

Stellar evolution Gravitational collapse Neutron star
Related links Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit White dwarf
Related links Supernova
Related links Hypernova Gamma-ray burst Binary black hole

Properties

Gravitational singularity
Ring singularity Theorems Event horizon Photon sphere Innermost stable circular orbit Ergosphere
Penrose process Blandford–Znajek process Accretion disk Hawking radiation Gravitational lens Bondi accretion M–sigma relation Quasi-periodic oscillation Thermodynamics
Immirzi parameter Schwarzschild radius Spaghettification

Issues

Black hole complementarity Information paradox Cosmic censorship ER=EPR Final parsec problem Firewall (physics) Holographic principle No-hair theorem

Metrics

Schwarzschild (Derivation) Kerr Reissner–Nordström Kerr–Newman Hayward

Alternatives

Nonsingular black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball

Analogs

Optical black hole Sonic black hole

Lists

Black holes Most massive Nearest Quasars Microquasars

Related

Black Hole Initiative Black hole starship Compact star Exotic star
Quark star Preon star Gamma-ray burst progenitors Gravity well Hypercompact stellar system Membrane paradigm Naked singularity Quasi-star Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Timeline of black hole physics White hole Wormhole

Category Category Commons page Commons

vte

Stephen Hawking
Physics

Hawking radiation Black hole thermodynamics Micro black hole Chronology protection conjecture Gibbons–Hawking ansatz Gibbons–Hawking effect Gibbons–Hawking space Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term Hartle–Hawking state Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems Hawking energy

Books
Science

The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (1973) A Brief History of Time (1988) Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993) The Nature of Space and Time (1996) The Universe in a Nutshell (2001) On the Shoulders of Giants (2002) A Briefer History of Time (2005) God Created the Integers (2005) The Grand Design (2010) The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of (2011) Brief Answers to the Big Questions (2018)

Fiction

George's Secret Key to the Universe (2007) George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (2009) George and the Big Bang (2011) George and the Unbreakable Code (2014) George and the Blue Moon (2016)

Memoirs

My Brief History (2013)

Films

A Brief History of Time (1991) Hawking (2004) Hawking (2013) The Theory of Everything (2014)

Television

God, the Universe and Everything Else (1988) Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997 documentary) Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008 documentary) Genius of Britain (2010 series) Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010 series) Brave New World with Stephen Hawking (2011 series) Genius by Stephen Hawking (2016 series)

Family

Jane Wilde Hawking (first wife) Lucy Hawking (daughter)

Other

In popular culture Black hole information paradox Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet

vte

Global catastrophic risks

Future of the Earth Future of an expanding universe
Ultimate fate of the universe

Technological

Chemical warfare Cyberattack
Cyberwarfare Cyberterrorism Cybergeddon Doomsday Clock Gray goo Kinetic bombardment Mutual assured destruction
Dead Hand Doomsday device Antimatter weapon Nuclear warfare Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
Micro black hole Strangelet Synthetic intelligence / Artificial intelligence
Existential risk from artificial intelligence AI takeover Technological singularity Transhumanism Year 2000 problem Year 2038 problem Year 10,000 problem

Sociological

Doomsday argument
Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttal Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal Economic collapse Malthusian catastrophe New World Order (conspiracy theory) Nuclear holocaust
winter famine cobalt Societal collapse Collapsology World War III

Ecological
Climate change

Anoxic event Biodiversity loss
Mass mortality event Cascade effect Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis Climate apocalypse Deforestation Desertification Extinction risk from global warming
Tipping points in the climate system Flood basalt Global dimming Global terrestrial stilling Global warming Hypercane Ice age Ecocide Ecological collapse Environmental degradation Habitat destruction Human impact on the environment
coral reefs on marine life Land degradation Land consumption Land surface effects on climate Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Resource depletion Sea level rise Supervolcano
winter Verneshot Water pollution Water scarcity

Earth Overshoot Day

Overexploitation Overpopulation
Human overpopulation

Biological
Extinction

Extinction event Holocene extinction Human extinction List of extinction events Genetic erosion Genetic pollution

Others

Biodiversity loss
Decline in amphibian populations Decline in insect populations Biotechnology risk
Biological agent Biological warfare Bioterrorism Colony Collapse Disorder Defaunation Dysgenics Interplanetary contamination Pandemic Pollinator decline Overfishing

Astronomical

Big Crunch Big Rip Coronal mass ejection False vacuum Gamma-ray burst Heat death of the universe Impact event
Asteroid impact avoidance Asteroid impact prediction Potentially hazardous object
Near-Earth object winter Near-Earth supernova Solar flare Stellar collision

Mythological
Eschatology

Buddhist
Maitreya Three Ages Hindu
Kalki Kali Yuga Last Judgement Second Coming
1 Enoch Daniel
Abomination of Desolation Prophecy of Seventy Weeks Messiah Christian
Dispensationalism Futurism Historicism
Interpretations of Revelation Idealism Preterism 2 Esdras 2 Thessalonians
Man of sin Katechon Antichrist Book of Revelation
Events
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Lake of fire Number of the Beast Seven bowls Seven seals The Beast Two witnesses War in Heaven Whore of Babylon Great Apostasy New Earth New Jerusalem Olivet Discourse
Great Tribulation Son of Perdition Sheep and Goats Islamic
Al-Qa'im Beast of the Earth Dhul-Qarnayn Dhul-Suwayqatayn Dajjal Israfil Mahdi Sufyani Jewish
Messiah War of Gog and Magog Third Temple Norse Zoroastrian
Saoshyant

Others

2011 end times prediction 2012 phenomenon Apocalypse Apocalypticism Armageddon Blood moon prophecy Earth Changes End time Gog and Magog List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events Messianism
Messianic Age Millenarianism Millennialism
Premillennialism Amillennialism Postmillennialism Nemesis (hypothetical star) Nibiru cataclysm Rapture
Prewrath Post-tribulation rapture Resurrection of the dead Revelation 12 sign prophecy World to come

Fictional

Alien invasion Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of apocalyptic films Climate fiction Disaster films
List of disaster films List of fictional doomsday devices Zombie apocalypse
Zombie

Organizations

Centre for the Study of Existential Risk Future of Humanity Institute Future of Life Institute

Physics Encyclopedia

World

Index

Hellenica World - Scientific Library

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License