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Jan van Goyen

Paintings

A Windmill by a River Print by Jan van Goyen

A Windmill by a River

Peasants Resting before an Inn Print by Jan van Goyen

Peasants Resting before an Inn

View of the City of Arnhem Print by Jan van Goyen

View of the City of Arnhem

Summer Print by Jan van Goyen

Summer

Winter Landscape with Skaters on a Frozen Canal Print by Jan van Goyen

Winter Landscape with Skaters on a Frozen Canal

A River Scene with a Hut on an Island Print by Jan van Goyen

A River Scene with a Hut on an Island

A Cottage on a Heath Print by Jan van Goyen

A Cottage on a Heath

A Scene on the Ice Print by Jan van Goyen

A Scene on the Ice

A Scene on the Ice near Dordrecht Print by Jan van Goyen

A Scene on the Ice near Dordrecht

Landscape with Two Oaks Print by Jan van Goyen

Landscape with Two Oaks

The Valkhof in Nijmegen Print by Jan van Goyen

The Valkhof in Nijmegen

A River Scene with Fishermen laying a Net Print by Jan van Goyen

A River Scene with Fishermen laying a Net

Winter Scene on the Ice Print by Jan van Goyen

Winter Scene on the Ice

River Landscape with a Church in the Distance Print by Jan van Goyen

River Landscape with a Church in the Distance

A Calm Print by Jan van Goyen

A Calm

Jan van Goyen

Flat Landscape

Jan van Goyen

Landscape with Dunes

Jan van Goyen

Seascape with View of Dordrecht

Jan van Goyen

A Cottage on a Heath

Jan van Goyen

A River Landscape

Jan van Goyen

A River Scene, with Fishermen laying a Net

Jan van Goyen

A Scene on the Ice near Dordrecht

Jan van Goyen

A Scene on the Ice

Jan van Goyen

A Windmill by a River

Jan van Goyen

An Estuary with Fishing Boats and Two Frigates

Jan van Goyen

Fishermen hauling a Net

Jan van Goyen

The Mouth of an Estuary with a Gateway

Jan van Goyen

View of the Merwede near Dordrecht

Jan van Goyen

View of Emmerich

Jan van Goyen

The Haarlem Sea

Jan van Goyen

River View

Jan van Goyen

Landscape with two oak trees

Jan van Goyen

Palace Montfort

Jan van Goyen

Summer on the river


Drawings

Jan van Goyen

View of a canal

Jan van Goyen

Riverbank

Jan van Goyen

Landscape at a river

Jan van Goyen

Landscape with windmill

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A Windmill by a River Print by Jan van Goyen

A Windmill by a River

Jan Josephszoon van Goyen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjɑn vɑŋ ˈɣoːjə(n)]; 13 January 1596 – 27 April 1656) was a Dutch landscape painter. Van Goyen was an extremely prolific artist; approximately twelve hundred paintings and more than one thousand drawings by him are known.

Biography

Jan van Goyen was the son of a shoemaker and started as an apprentice in Leiden, the town of his birth. Like many Dutch painters of his time, Jan van Goyen studied art in the town of Haarlem with Esaias van de Velde. At age 35, he established a permanent studio at Den Haag (The Hague). Crenshaw tells (and mentions the sources) that van Goyen's landscape paintings rarely fetched high prices, but he made up for the modest value of individual pieces by increasing his production, painting thinly and quickly with a limited palette of inexpensive pigments. Despite his market innovations, he always sought more income, not only through related work as an art dealer and auctioneer but also by speculating in tulips and real estate. Although the latter was usually a safe avenue of investing money, in van Goyen's experience it led to enormous debts. Paulus Potter rented one of his houses. Though he seems to have kept a workshop, his only registered pupils were Nicolaes van Berchem, Jan Steen, and Adriaen van der Kabel.[1] The list of painters he influenced is much longer.

In 1652 and 1654 he was forced to sell his collection of paintings and graphic art, and he subsequently moved to a smaller house. He died in 1656 in The Hague, still unbelievably 18,000 guilders in debt, forcing his widow to sell their remaining furniture and paintings. Van Goyen's troubles also may have affected the early business prospects of his student and son-in-law Jan Steen, who left The Hague in 1654.[2]


Dutch painting


River Scene, 1652
Winter scene on the Ice by Jan van Goyen. Oil on panel,1641. Hallwyl Museum.

Typically, a Dutch painter of the 17th century (also known as the Dutch Golden Age) will fall into one of four categories, a painter of portraits, landscapes, still-lifes, or genre. Dutch painting was highly specialized and rarely could an artist hope to achieve greatness in more than one area in a lifetime of painting. Jan van Goyen would be classified primarily as a landscape artist with an eye for the genre subjects of everyday life. He painted many of the canals in and around Den Haag as well as the villages surrounding countryside of Delft, Rotterdam, Leiden, and Gouda. Other popular Dutch landscape painters of the sixteenth and seventeenth century were Jacob van Ruisdael, Aelbert Cuyp, Hendrick Avercamp, Ludolf Backhuysen, Meindert Hobbema, Aert van der Neer.


Van Goyen's technique
Fishing Boats in an Estuary at Dusk, 1644

Jan van Goyen would begin a painting using a support primarily of thin oak wood. To this panel, he would scrub on several layers of a thin animal hide glue. With a blade, he would then scrape over the entire surface a thin layer of tinted white lead to act as a ground and to fill the low areas of the panel. The ground was tinted light brown, sometimes reddish, or ochre in colour.


Typical Dutch bridge with anglers, 1651, Groninger Museum

Next, van Goyen would loosely and very rapidly sketch out the scene to be painted with pen and ink without going into the small details of his subject. This walnut ink drawing can be clearly seen in some of the thinly painted areas of his work. For a guide, he would have turned to a detailed drawing. The scene would have been drawn from life outdoors and then kept in the studio as reference material. Drawings by artists of the time were rarely works of art in their own right as they are viewed today.

On his palette he would grind out a colour collection of neutral grays, umbers, ochre and earthen greens that looked like they were pulled from the very soil he painted. A varnish oil medium was used as vehicle to grind his powered pigments into paint and then used to help apply thin layers of paint which he could easily blend.

The dark areas of the painting were kept very thin and transparent with generous amounts of the oil medium. The light striking the painting in these sections would be lost and absorbed into the painting ground. The lighter areas of the picture were treated heavier and opaque with a generous amount of white lead mixed into the paint. Light falling on the painting in a light section is reflected back at the viewer. The effect is a startling realism and three-dimensional quality. The surface of a finished painting resembles a fluid supple mousse, masterfully whipped and modeled with the brush.

According to the art historian H.-U. Beck, "In his freely composed seascapes of the 1650s he reached the apex of his creative work, producing paintings of striking perfection."[3]


Legacy

Jan van Goyen was famously influential on the landscape painters of his century. His tonal quality was a feature that many imitated. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History, he influenced Cornelis de Bie, Jan Coelenbier, Cornelis van Noorde, Abraham Susenier, Herman Saftleven, Pieter Jansz van Asch, and Abraham van Beijeren.[4]


Sources

Jan van Goyen entry in the Netherlands Institute for Art History
Crenshaw, P. (2006) Rembrandt's Bankruptcy. The artist, his patrons and the art market in seventeenth-century Netherlands, p. 23.
H.-U. Beck. "Goyen, Jan van." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

Jan van Goyen entry in the Netherlands Institute for Art History

External links

View of Dordrecht 1644
Works and literature on Jan van Goyen

Vermeer and The Delft School, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which has material on Jan van Goyen
Five artworks by Jan van Goyen, at the online collection of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen.
Dutch and Flemish paintings from the Hermitage, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Jan van Goyen (cat. no. 10)

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