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Frederic Edwin Church

Paintings, Drawings

Sunset across the Hudson Valley. New York Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Sunset across the Hudson Valley. New York

Niagara Falls from the American Side Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Niagara Falls from the American Side

Autumn Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Autumn

Rainy Season in the Tropics Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Rainy Season in the Tropics

Abandoned Skiff Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Abandoned Skiff

South American Landscape Print by Frederic Edwin Church

South American Landscape

Sunset in the Hudson Valley Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Sunset in the Hudson Valley

Aurora Borealis Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Aurora Borealis

Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives

The Heart of the Andes Print by Frederic Edwin Church

The Heart of the Andes

Sky at sunset. Jamaica. West Indies Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Sky at sunset. Jamaica. West Indies

The Parthenon Print by Frederic Edwin Church

The Parthenon

Niagara Falls Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Niagara Falls

Cotopaxi Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Cotopaxi

Cross in the Wilderness Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Cross in the Wilderness

Final Study for the Icebergs Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Final Study for the Icebergs

View of Blackwell's Island. New York. Youle's Shot Tower East River New York. View of Hartford Print by Frederic Edwin Church

View of Blackwell's Island. New York. Youle's Shot Tower East River New York. View of Hartford

Winter on the Hudson River near Catskill. New York Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Winter on the Hudson River near Catskill. New York

Tropical Scenery Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Tropical Scenery

Morning Looking East over the Hudson Valley from the Catskill Mountains Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Morning Looking East over the Hudson Valley from the Catskill Mountains

Colombia or Ecuador church roofs Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Colombia or Ecuador church roofs

Colombia. Baranquilla Church Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Colombia. Baranquilla Church

Niagara Falls by Moonlight Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Niagara Falls by Moonlight

A Waterfall in Colombia Print by Frederic Edwin Church

A Waterfall in Colombia

Studies of Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Studies of Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Pinchincha

Frederic Edwin Church

Twilight in the Wilderness

Frederic Edwin Church

A Country Home

Frederic Edwin Church

Above the Clouds at Sunrise

Frederic Edwin Church

Al Ayn

Frederic Edwin Church

Autumn in North America

Frederic Edwin Church

Autumn Shower

Frederic Edwin Church

Beacon, off Mount Desert Island

Frederic Edwin Church

Charter Oak Drawing

Frederic Edwin Church

Chimborazo Volcano

Frederic Edwin Church

Heart of the Andes

Frederic Edwin Church

Clouds over Olana

Frederic Edwin Church

Coast Scene

Frederic Edwin Church

Cotopaxi (1855 with house)

Frederic Edwin Church

Cotopaxi

Frederic Edwin Church

El Khasne, Petra

Frederic Edwin Church

El Rio de Luz (The River of Light)

Frederic Edwin Church

Eruption at Cotopaxi

Frederic Edwin Church

Figures in an Ecuadorian Landscape

Frederic Edwin Church

Fog off Mount Desert

Frederic Edwin Church

Niagara falls

Frederic Edwin Church

The Cordilleras, Sunrise

Frederic Edwin Church

West Rock, New Haven

Frederic Edwin Church

Chimborazo

Frederic Edwin Church

American - Pichincha

Frederic Edwin Church

The Andes of Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Mount Katahdin from the West (Looking West toward Mount Katahdin)

Frederic Edwin Church

A Donkey, Baranquilla, Columbia

Frederic Edwin Church

A Goat in Pandi, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

A Part of Penobscot County, Maine

Frederic Edwin Church

A Waterfall in Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Dawn in the Tropics

Frederic Edwin Church

Autumn

Frederic Edwin Church

Bamboo Bridge at Buga, Colombia and Girl Carrying a Jar, Cartago, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Birch Trees in Autumn

Frederic Edwin Church

Botanical Sketch Showing Two Views of the Tamaca Palm

Frederic Edwin Church

Botanical Sketches, South America

Frederic Edwin Church

Calle de Commerce, Barranquilla, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Cathedral at Popayan, Columbia

Frederic Edwin Church

Cayambé, Morning, from the Temple of the Sun, Quito

Frederic Edwin Church

Cathedral at Popayan, Columbia

Frederic Edwin Church

Church at Tuquerres, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Cloud Study

Frederic Edwin Church

Colombia, Baranquilla Church

Frederic Edwin Church

Colombia, Barranquilla, portrait of boy

Frederic Edwin Church

Colombia, Barranquilla, Two Houses

Frederic Edwin Church

Colombia or Ecuador, church roof

Frederic Edwin Church

Cotopaxi

Frederic Edwin Church

Cotopaxi from Guapulo, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Cotopaxi seen from Ambato, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Cross in the Wilderness

Frederic Edwin Church

The iceberg

Frederic Edwin Church

Distant View of the Katahdin shown from West

Frederic Edwin Church

a. Sketch. Tequendama Ralls near Bogota, Colombia. b. View of distant mountain ranges

Frederic Edwin Church

Botanical sketches from Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches. The village Guarumo, probably in Colombia.

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from Rome. A. St. Peters and the Vatican Place shown from the northeast

Frederic Edwin Church

Eagle Lake Viewed from Cadillac Mountain, Mount Desert Island, Maine

Frederic Edwin Church

Ecuador , mountain plateau with hut

Frederic Edwin Church

Great Basin, Mt. Katahdin

Frederic Edwin Church

Hospital de San Juan de Dios, Honda, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

House in Hudson, New York

Frederic Edwin Church

Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives

Frederic Edwin Church

Landscape with Mount Purese, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Mist over River and Hills

Frederic Edwin Church

Morning in the Tropics

Frederic Edwin Church

Mount Katahdin from Lake Millinocket

Frederic Edwin Church

Mountainous landscape between Popyan and Pasto, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Mounts Katahdin and Turner from Lake Katahdin, Maine

Frederic Edwin Church

Mt. Desert Island, Maine Coast

Frederic Edwin Church

Mt. Desert Island, landscape

Frederic Edwin Church

Niagara Falls from the American Side

Frederic Edwin Church

Palm Trees and Housetops, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Popayan, Colombia; Verso- Mountain Landscape, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Portrait of Bolivian Girl- Senorita Filetta Molina Bolador del Carmen, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Rainy Season in the Tropics

Frederic Edwin Church

River through Mountain Valley with Sky and Crescent Moon

Frederic Edwin Church

Schoodic Peninsula from Mount Desert at Sunrise

Frederic Edwin Church

Seascape with Icecap in the Distance

Frederic Edwin Church

Shore of Lake and Foothills of Mount Katahdin

Frederic Edwin Church

Sincholagua, Morning, from the Temple of the Sun, Quito

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from Calé, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from Colombia- River Craft (Champan), a Woman, Group of Trees, a House

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from Colombia- Trees and Rivercraft (Champans)

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from South America, probably from Colombia. Birds, Trees

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from South America, probably from Colombia. Botanical sketches. A house

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from South America. Botanical sketches. Flying crane

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches from the Rio Magdalena, Colombia. Botanical sketches. A church

Frederic Edwin Church

Sketches of Trees, Vines and a Bank of the Rio Magdalena, Columbia

Frederic Edwin Church

Sky at sunset, Jamaica, West Indies

Frederic Edwin Church

South American Landscape

Frederic Edwin Church

South American Landscape

Frederic Edwin Church

Storm in the Mountains

Frederic Edwin Church

Street in Mompos, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Studies of Man Paddling Canoe on Millinocket River

Frederic Edwin Church

Studies of Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Studies of Sailing Ships and Coastal Landscapes

Frederic Edwin Church

Study. Landscape with Mount Puresé

Frederic Edwin Church

Study of Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Study of Tequendama Falls near Bogotá, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

Sunset across the Hudson Valley, New York

Frederic Edwin Church

Sunset in the Hudson Valley

Frederic Edwin Church

Tequendama Falls near Bogotá, Colombia

Frederic Edwin Church

The Falls of the Tequendama near Bogota, New Granada

Frederic Edwin Church

The Heart of the Andes

Frederic Edwin Church

The Natural Bridge, Virginia

Frederic Edwin Church

The Niagara Falls

Frederic Edwin Church

Tropical Landscape

Frederic Edwin Church

Tropical Scenery

Frederic Edwin Church

Turner Pond with Pomola Peak and Baxter Peak, Maine

Frederic Edwin Church

View of Cotapaxi from the Hacienda San Antonio, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

View of West Point from Castle Rock

Frederic Edwin Church

Views of Puresé Volcano, Colombia and Mt. Sincholagua, Ecuador

Frederic Edwin Church

Vision of the Cross

Frederic Edwin Church

Wooded Hilltop, Hilly Valley, Sun

Frederic Edwin Church

El Rio De Luz

Frederic Edwin Church

The Icebergs

Frederic Edwin Church

Morning in the Tropics

Frederic Edwin Church

Grand Manan Island, Bay of Fundy

Frederic Edwin Church

Haying Near New Haven, West Rock

Frederic Edwin Church

Home by the Lake

Frederic Edwin Church

Hooker and Company

Frederic Edwin Church

Icebergs and Wreck in Sunset

Frederic Edwin Church

July Sunset, Berkshire County, Massachusetts

Frederic Edwin Church

Scene on the Magdalena

Frederic Edwin Church

Landscape with Flaming Volcano, South America

Frederic Edwin Church

Moses Viewing the Promised Land

Frederic Edwin Church

Mount Chimborazo

Frederic Edwin Church

New England Scenery

Frederic Edwin Church

North Lake

Frederic Edwin Church

Study of Cotopaxi

Frederic Edwin Church

Oosisoak

Frederic Edwin Church

Otter Creek Mt Desert

Frederic Edwin Church

Our Banner in the Sky

Frederic Edwin Church

Our Heaven Born Banner

Frederic Edwin Church

Rutland Falls, VT

Frederic Edwin Church

Setting Sun

Frederic Edwin Church

Storm in the Mountains

Frederic Edwin Church

Study for Under Niagara

Frederic Edwin Church

Study of Cotopaxi

Frederic Edwin Church

Sunrise

Frederic Edwin Church

Syrian Landscape

Frederic Edwin Church

Tamaca Palms

Frederic Edwin Church

The Icebergs

Frederic Edwin Church

The Wreck

Frederic Edwin Church

Twilight (Sunset)

Frederic Edwin Church

Twilight wilderness

Frederic Edwin Church

View from Olana in the Snow

Frederic Edwin Church

View in Pittsford, Vermont

Frederic Edwin Church

View of Cotopaxi

Frederic Edwin Church

View on the Magdalena River

Frederic Edwin Church

West Rock, New Haven

Frederic Edwin Church

Winter Twilight from Olana

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Niagara Falls Print by Frederic Edwin Church

Niagara Falls

Frederic Edwin Church (May 4, 1826 – April 7, 1900) was an American landscape painter[1] born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, perhaps best known for painting large panoramic landscapes, often depicting mountains, waterfalls, and sunsets, but also sometimes depicting dramatic natural phenomena that he saw during his travels to the Arctic and Central and South America. Church's paintings put an emphasis on light and a romantic respect for natural detail. In his later years, Church painted classical Mediterranean and Middle Eastern scenes and cityscapes.[2]

Biography
Beginnings

Church was the son of Eliza (née Janes) and Joseph Church. The family's wealth came from Church's father, a silversmith and watchmaker in Hartford, Connecticut. (Joseph subsequently also became an official and a director of The Aetna Life Insurance Company.) Joseph, in turn, was the son of Samuel Church, who founded the first paper mill in Lee, Massachusetts in the Berkshires. The family's wealth allowed Frederic Church to pursue his interest in art from a very early age. At eighteen years of age, Church became the pupil of Thomas Cole[3] in Catskill, New York after Daniel Wadsworth, a family neighbor and founder of the Wadsworth Athenaeum, introduced the two. In May 1849, Church was elected as the youngest Associate of the National Academy of Design and was promoted to Academician the following year. Soon after, he sold his first major work to Hartford's Wadsworth Athenaeum.


Style
Aurora Borealis, (1865), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC.

Church was the product of the second generation of the Hudson River School and the only pupil of Thomas Cole, the school’s founder. The Hudson River School was established by the British Thomas Cole when he moved to America and started painting landscapes, mostly of mountains and other traditional American scenes.[4] Both Cole and Church were devout Protestants and the latter's beliefs played a role in his paintings especially his early canvases. [5] Cole, along with his friend Asher Durand, started this school in New York; it was the first well-acknowledged American artistic movement. The paintings were characterized by their focus on traditional American pastoral settings, especially the Catskill Mountains, and their romantic qualities. This style attempted to capture the wild realism of an unsettled America that was quickly disappearing, and the feelings of discovery and appreciation for natural beauty. His American frontier landscapes show the “ expansionist and optimistic outlook of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century.” Church did differ from Cole in the topics of his paintings: he preferred natural and often majestic scenes over Cole’s propensity towards allegory.


Tropical Scenery, (1873), Brooklyn Museum

Church, like most second generation Hudson River School painters, used extraordinary detail, romanticism, and luminism in his paintings. Romanticism was prominent in Britain and France in the early 1800s as a counter-movement to the Enlightenment virtues of order and logic. Artists of the Romantic period often depicted nature in idealized scenes that depicted the richness and beauty of nature, sometimes also with emphasis on the grand scale of nature.
El Río de Luz (The River of Light, (1877), National Gallery of Art

This tradition carries on in the works of Frederic Church, who idealizes an uninterrupted nature, highlighted by creating excruciatingly detailed art. The emphasis on nature is encouraged by the low horizontal lines, and preponderance of sky to enhance the wilderness; humanity, if it is represented, is depicted as small in comparison with the greater natural reality. The technical skill comes in the form of luminism, a Hudson River School innovation particularly present in Church’s works. Luminism is also cited as encompassing several technical aspects, which can be seen in Church’s works. One example is the attempt to “hide brushstrokes,” which makes the scene seem more realistic and lessen the artist’s presence in the work. Most importantly is the emphasis on light (hence luminism) in these scenes. The several sources of light create contrast in the pictures that highlights the beauty and detailed imagery in the painting.'


Career
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Cotopaxi, 1855

Church began his career by painting classic Hudson River School scenes of New York and New England, but by 1850, he had settled in New York. Church’s method consisted of creating paintings in his studio (in the cold, barren months of the year) based on sketches (some in oil) created of views in the summer months. In these earlier years of his career, Church’s style was reminiscent of that of his teacher, Thomas Cole, and epitomized the Hudson River School’s founding styles. Church’s work was immediately divergent from Cole’s focus on ethereal, almost mythological, scenes, but his early work did resemble Cole’s tone. Church focused on scenes composed of rich reds, purples, and oranges to give depth to his work and emphasize the richness and fantasy of the scenery.


Heart of the Andes (1859), Metropolitan Museum of Art

Church took two trips to South America, and stayed predominantly in Quito, Ecuador, the first in 1853 and the second in 1857. One trip was financed by businessman Cyrus West Field, who wished to use Church's paintings to lure investors to his South American ventures. Church was inspired by the Prussian polymath geographer Alexander von Humboldt's Cosmos (about “the Earth, matter, and space”) and his exploration of the continent in the early 1800s; Humboldt had challenged artists to portray the "physiognomy" of the Andes. After Humboldt’s Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America was published in 1852, Church jumped at the chance to travel and study in his icon’s footsteps (literally, as he stayed in Humboldt’s old house) in Quito, Ecuador. When Church returned in 1857 he added to his landscape paintings of the area. After both trips, Church had produced four landscapes of Ecuador:The Andes of Ecuador (1855), Cayambe (1858), The Heart of the Andes (1859), and Cotopaxi (1862). It was the Heart of the Andes that won Church fame when it debuted in 1859. The painting pictures several elements of Quito’s nature combined into an idealistic portrait of a jungle scene. Despite having clear perspective and foreshortening, Church keeps every detail (even those of the mountains in the back) in crystal clear detail. In addition, The Heart of The Andes is also a documentation, a scientific study of every natural feature that exists in that area of the Andes. Every species of plant and animal is readily identifiable; even climatic zonation by altitude is delineated precisely.


Cotopaxi, (1862)

In this way, Church pays a unique tribute to Humboldt (who inspired his journey) as well as maintains his Hudson River School roots. “Therefore instead of the fiery crimsons and oranges of his emotional crepuscular scenes, the palette here is comparatively restrained by Church's standards: quiet greens, blues, browns, ochres and subdued grayish purples of sky, stone, verdure and water in full, even daylight.”[6] It was in 1859 that Church finally showed The Heart of the Andes in New York City. Church had set up the exhibit like a house, with the painting playing the part of a window looking out over the Andes. He completed the look with Ecuadorian plants from his travels and a frame and curtains which the audience (sitting on benches) looked through to enhance the effect. Church unveiled the painting to an astonished public in New York City in 1859. The painting's frame had drawn curtains fitted to it, creating the illusion of a view out of a window. The audience sat on benches to view the piece and Church strategically darkened the room, but spotlighted the landscape painting. Church also brought plants from a past trip to South America to heighten the viewers' experience. The public were charged admission and provided with opera glasses to examine the painting's details. The work was an instant success. Church eventually sold it for $10,000, at that time the highest price ever paid for a work by a living American artist. During the Civil War, Church was inspired to paint "Our Banner in the Sky", from which a lithograph was made and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers. [7]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City exhibited The Heart of the Andes in its original frame in 1995-96, together with a number of the supporting studies that Church made on his epic Andean journey. Americans soon began to consider Church the “Michelangelo of Landscape Art” and he became one of the most renowned American artists. Part of Church’s appeal was the fact that he had resisted the American artist “norm” of the day by refusing to go to Europe, as most artists did to train, instead focusing his efforts and talents on South America. This was in part due to Humboldt's influence, but was also a conscious decision on Church’s part to gain notoriety. In addition, one of Church’s most extraordinary accomplishments was his commercial success. Church’s art was extremely lucrative, he was reported to be worth approximately half-a-million dollars at his death, about 12.5 million dollars today. Americans were enamored with Church’s all-American appeal and brilliant body of work. Church exhibited his art at the American Art Union, the Boston Art Club, and (most impressively for a young artist) the National Academy of Design. He joined his contemporaries in the Hudson River School: Thomas Cole, Asher Brown Durand, John F. Kensett, and Jasper F. Cropsey.


Family
Mansion at Olana, 2006

In 1860, Church bought a farm in Hudson, New York and married Isabel Carnes. Both Church's first son and daughter died in March 1865 of diphtheria, but he and his wife started a new family with the birth of Frederic Joseph in 1866. When he and his wife had a family of four children, they began to travel together. In 1867, they visited Europe and the Middle East, allowing Church to return to painting larger works.[8]

Before leaving on that trip, Church purchased the eighteen acres (73,000 m²) on the hilltop above his Hudson farmland he had long wanted because of its magnificent views of the Hudson River and the Catskills. In 1870, he began the construction of a Persian-inspired mansion on the hilltop and the family moved into the home in the summer of 1872. Richard Morris Hunt was the architect for Cosy Cottage at Olana,[3] and was consulted early on in the plans for the mansion, but after the Churches' trip to Europe and what is now Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt, the English architect Calvert Vaux was hired to complete the project.[3] Church was deeply involved in the process, even completing his own architectural sketches for its design. This highly personal and eclectic castle incorporated many of the design ideas that he had acquired during his travels.


View of the Hudson from the mansion

Illness affected Church's output. Although he was enormously successful as an artist, by 1876, Church was stricken with rheumatoid arthritis which greatly reduced his ability to paint. He eventually painted with his left hand and continued to produce his work, although at a much slower pace. He devoted much of his energies during the final 20 years of his life to his house at Olana.
Death

Church died on April 7, 1900 at his home. He is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.
Legacy

Olana State Historic Site is now owned and operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Taconic Region and receives extensive support from The Olana Partnership, a private, non-profit organization.

Works
Main article: List of works by Frederic Edwin Church

Among Church's paintings are:

Home by the Lake (1852), Amon Carter Museum. The painting, termed "a testament to the country's pioneer spirit," features a husband hunting for game and a wife carrying water that she had drawn from a well on their farm, which is built by hard labor in the wilderness.[9]
The Falls of Tequendama (1854), Cincinnati Art Museum
The Andes of Ecuador (ca. 1854), Reynolda House Museum of American Art
Niagara (1857), Corcoran Gallery of Art view
The Heart of the Andes (1859), Metropolitan Museum of Art
Twilight in the Wilderness (1860), Cleveland Museum of Art
The Icebergs (1861), Dallas Museum of Art
Cotopaxi (1862), Detroit Institute of Arts
Aurora Borealis (1865), Smithsonian American Art Museum
Niagara Falls from the American side (1867), National Gallery of Scotland
View of Wimmis, Valley of the Simmental, Switzerland (1868), Fogg Museum
Syria by the Sea (1873), Detroit Institute of Arts
The River Of Light (1877), National Gallery of Art view
The Parthenon in Athens (1871), Metropolitan Museum of Art
Mediterranean Sea (1882), Olana State Historic Site
Sunset from Olana (1891), Fogg Museum

See also
Portal icon Hudson Valley portal
Portal icon Visual arts portal

List of Hudson River School artists

References

Franklin Kelley, Stephen Jay Gould, James Anthony Ryan, Debora Rindge (1989), Frederic Edwin Church, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, pp. 1–211
"Voyage of the Icebergs -online book". /issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart. Retrieved 2014.
"Frederic Edwin Church". Collection. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
"Master, Mentor, Master: Thomas Cole & Frederic Church". http://www.thomascole.org. Retrieved September 2014. External link in |publisher= (help)
Updike, John (2012). Always Looking: Essays on Art.
Scherer, Barrymore Laurence. "South American Sublimity". The Wall Street Journal.
https://m.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10151215572059000
"Explore Church's World". www.olana.org. Retrieved September 2014.

Exhibit at the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas

Further reading

Adelson, Warren; Hankin, Lisa Bush; Carr, Gerald L. (2008). Frederic Edwin Church: Romantic Landscapes and Seascapes. New York: Adelson, Altman, Long. ISBN 978-0-9741621-7-1.
Avery, Kevin J. (1993). Church's great picture, The heart of the Andes. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9789994925193.

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