Bronzino (Agnolo di Cosimo ) or Agnolo Bronzino
Paintings
Saint Sebastian
Portrait of a Young Man
The Annunciation
Holy Family with St. Anne and the Infant St. John
An Allegory with Venus and Cupid
The Panciatichi Holy Family
The Holy Family
The falling of the Manna
A Young Woman and Her Little Boy
The crossing of the Red Sea
The Deposition of Christ
Ceiling of the Chapel of Eleonora of Toledo
Don Garcia de' Medici
Portrait of an Elderly Lady
Portrait of Eleanora di Toledo
Venus, Cupid and a Satyr
Cosimo de Medici in Armour
Isabella de Medici
Portrait of Eleanor of Toledo and Her Son
Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici as Orpheus
Frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio : ceiling fresco
Frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio : Brazen Serpent
Frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio : Moses Striking Water from the Rock
Frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio : medallion in the vaulted gusset
Frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio : medallion in the vaulted gusset
Frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio : Crossing the Red Sea
Holy Family with John the Baptist
Portrait of Cosimo I de Medici in armor
Portrait of Eleonora of Toledo
Portrait of Giovanni de Medici
Portrait of Lucrezia Panciatichi
Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune
Portrait of Bartolomeo Panciatichi
Portrait of Guidobaldo II della Rovere
Portrait of a young woman with her son
Portrait of a young man with book
Portrait of a young man with lute
Drawings
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An Allegory with Venus and Cupid
Agnolo di Cosimo (November 17, 1503 – November 23, 1572), usually known as Il Bronzino, or Agnolo Bronzino (mistaken attempts also have been made in the past to assert his name was Agnolo Tori and even Angelo (Agnolo) Allori), was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. His sobriquet, Bronzino, in all probability refers to his relatively dark skin. Bronzino was born in Florence, the son of a butcher. According to his contemporary Vasari, Bronzino was a pupil first of Raffaellino del Garbo, and then of Pontormo, to whom he was apprenticed at 14. Pontormo is thought to have introduced a portrait of Bronzino as a child (seated on a step) into one of his series on Joseph in Egypt now in the National Gallery, London.
Pontormo exercised a dominant influence on Bronzino's developing style, and the two were to remain collaborators for most of the former's life. An early example of Bronzino's hand has often been detected in the Capponi Chapel in the church of Santa Felicita by the Ponte Vecchio in Florence. Pontormo designed the interior and executed the altarpiece, the masterly Deposition from the Cross and the sidewall fresco Annunciation. Bronzino apparently was assigned the frescoes on the dome, which however have not survived. Of the four empanelled tondi or roundels depicting each of the evangelists, two were said by Vasari to have been painted by Bronzino. His style however is so similar to his master's that scholars still debate the specific attributions.[3]
Towards the end of his life, Bronzino took a prominent part in the activities of the Florentine Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, of which he was a founding member in 1563.
The painter Alessandro Allori was his favourite pupil, and Bronzino was living in the Allori family house at the time of his death in Florence in 1572 (Alessandro was also the father of Cristofano Allori).[4] Bronzino spent the majority of his career in Florence.
Work
Portraits
Portrait of a Young Man, c. 1550–55, London, National Gallery
Bronzino first received Medici patronage in 1539, when he was one of the many artists chosen to execute the elaborate decorations for the wedding of Cosimo I de' Medici to Eleonora di Toledo, daughter of the Viceroy of Naples. It was not long before he became, and remained for most of his career, the official court painter of the Duke and his court. His portrait figures—often read as static, elegant, and stylish exemplars of unemotional haughtiness and assurance—influenced the course of European court portraiture for a century. These well known paintings exist in many workshop versions and copies. In addition to images of the Florentine elite, Bronzino also painted idealized portraits of the poets Dante (c. 1530, now in Washington, DC) and Petrarch.
Bronzino's best known works comprise the aforementioned series of the duke and duchess, Cosimo and Eleonora, and figures of their court such as Bartolomeo Panciatichi and his wife Lucrezia. These paintings, especially those of the duchess, are known for their minute attention to the detail of her costume, which almost takes on a personality of its own in the image at right. Here the Duchess is pictured with her second son Giovanni, who died of malaria in 1562, along with his mother; however it is the sumptuous fabric of the dress that takes up more space on the canvas than either of the sitters. Indeed, the dress itself has been the object of some scholarly debate. The elaborate gown has been rumored to be so beloved by the duchess that she was ultimately buried in it; when this myth was debunked, others suggested that perhaps the garment never existed at all and Bronzino invented the entire thing, perhaps working only from a fabric swatch. In any case, this picture was reproduced over and over by Bronzino and his shop, becoming one of the most iconic images of the duchess. The version pictured here is in the Uffizi Gallery, and is one of the finest surviving examples.[5]
Bronzino's so-called "allegorical portraits", such as that of a Genoese admiral, Andrea Doria as Neptune, are less typical but possibly even more fascinating due to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure.[6] Finally, in addition to being a painter, Bronzino was also a poet, and his most personal portraits are perhaps those of other literary figures such as that of his friend the poet Laura Battiferri.[7]
Religious subjects
In 1540/41, Bronzino began work on the fresco decoration of the Chapel of Eleanora di Toledo in the Palazzo Vecchio (at right) and an oil on panel (at left) for this chapel. Before this painting his style in the religious genre was less Mannerist, and was based in balanced compositions of the High Renaissance. Yet he became elegant and classicizing (cf. Smyth) in this fresco cycle, and his religious works are examples of the mid-16th-century aesthetics of the Florentine court—traditionally interpreted as highly stylized and non-personal or emotive. The Crossing the Red Sea is typical of Bronzino's approach at this time, though it should not be claimed that Bronzino or the court was lacking in religious fervor on the basis of the preferred court fashion. Indeed, the duchess Eleanora was a generous patron to the recently founded Jesuit order.[8]
Bronzino's work tends to include sophisticated references to earlier painters, as in one of his last grand frescoes called The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (San Lorenzo, 1569), in which almost every one of the extraordinarily contorted poses can be traced back to Raphael or to Michelangelo, whom Bronzino idolized (cf. Brock). Bronzino's skill with the nude was even more enigmatically deployed in the celebrated Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, which conveys strong feelings of eroticism under the pretext of a moralizing allegory. His other major works include the design of a series of tapestries on The Story of Joseph, for the Palazzo Vecchio.
Many of Bronzino's works are still in Florence but other examples can be found in the National Gallery, London, and elsewhere.
Selected works
Lodovico Capponi
St. Mark (c. 1525) - Oil on Wood, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Florence
St. Matthew (c. 1525) - Oil on Wood, Capponi Chapel, Santa Felicita, Florence
St. Sebastian (1525–1528) - Oil on panel, 87 x 77 cm, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid
Portrait of Lorenzo Lenzi (1527–1528) - Oil on panel, castello Sforzesco, Milan
Pietà (c. 1530) - Oil on panel, 105 x 100 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of a Lady in Green (1530–1532) - Oil on panel, 76,7 x 65,4 cm, Royal Collection, Windsor
Holy Family (1534–1540) - Oil on wood, 124.5 x 99.5 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Adoration of the Shepherds (1535–1540) - Oil on wood, 65,3 x 46,7 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Portrait of Ugolino Martelli (before 1537) - Oil on panel, 102 x 85 cm, Staatliche Museum, Berlin
Portrait of Bartolomeo Panciatichi (c. 1540) - Tempera on wood, 104 x 84 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Holy Family (c. 1540) - Oil on wood, 117 x 93 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of a Young Man with a Book (c. 1540) - Oil on wood, 96 x 75 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (Allegory; 1540–1545) - Oil on panel, 146 x 116 cm, National Gallery, London
Adoration of the Bronze Snake (1540–1545) - Fresco, 320 x 385 cm, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Deposition of Christ (1540–1545) - Oil on panel, 268 x 173 cm, Musée des Beaux- Arts, Besançon
Crossing of the Red Sea (1541-1542) - Fresco, 320 x 490 cm, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Portrait of a Young Girl (1541–1545) - Oil on wood, 58 x 46,5 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Bia de' Medici (c. 1542) - Tempera on panel, 63 x 48 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici (1545) - Oil on panel, 74 x 58 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child (c. 1545) - Oil on wood, 58 x 46 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Eleonora of Toledo (c. 1545) - Oil on panel, 115 x 96 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Lucrezia Panciatichi (c. 1545) - Oil on panel, 101 x 82.8 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Christ on the Cross (c. 1545) - Oil on panel, 145 x 115 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Nice
Portrait of Stefano Colonna (1546) - Oil on panel, 125 x 95 cm, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
Portrait of Don Garcia de' Medici (1550) - Oil on panel, Museo del Prado, Madrid
Portrait of a Lady (c. 1550) - Oil on wood, 109 x 85 cm, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Venus, Cupid and Jealousy (or Envy) (c. 1550) - Oil on wood, 192 x 142 cm, Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest
Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune (1550–1555) - Oil on canvas, 115 x 53 cm, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
St. John the Baptist (1550–1555) - Oil on wood, 120 x 92 cm, Galleria Borghese, Rome
Portrait of Pierantonio Bandini (c.1550-1555) - Oil on wood, 106,7 x 82,5 cm, National Gallery of Canada
Portrait of Francesco I de' Medici (1551) - Tempera on wood, 58.5 x 41.5 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Maria de' Medici (1551) - Tempera on wood, 52.5 x 38 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of Ludovico Capponi (1551) - Oil on wood, 117 x 86 cm, Frick Collection, New York
Christ in Limbo, 1552, Florence, Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce
Holy Family (1555–1560) - Tempera on wood, 117 x 99 cm, Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Portrait of Laura Battiferri (1555–1560) - Oil on canvas, 83 x 60 cm, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Noli me tangere (1561) - Oil on canvas, 291 x 195 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris
Allegory of Happiness (1564) - Oil on copper, 40 x 30 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Deposition of Christ (1565) - Oil on wood, 350 x 235 cm, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence
Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (1569) - Fresco, San Lorenzo, Florence
References
Bronzino and The Mannerist Portrait, Smarthistory[9]
Bronzino's Portrait of Eleonora di Toledo with her son Giovanni, Smarthistory[10]
Chilvers, Ian, "Dizionario dell'arte", ISBN 88-6073-115-1, Dalai Editore, 2008, p.179 Google book
Elizabeth Pilliod, Pontormo, Bronzino, and Allori: A Genealogy of Florentine Art (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).
Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1100-1850)
Cecil Gould, The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools, National Gallery Catalogues, (London 1975), ISBN 0-947645-22-5
Janet Cox-Rearick, Splendors of the Renaissance: reconstructions of historic costumes from King Studio, Italy by Fausto Fornasori, Catalog of an exhibition held at Art Gallery of the Graduate Center, City University of New York, Mar. 10–Apr. 24, 2004, (King Studio, 2004)
Maurice Brock, Bronzino (Paris: Flammarion; London: Thames & Hudson, 2002).
Deborah, Parker, Bronzino: Renaissance Painter as Poet (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Janet Cox-Rearick, Bronzino's Chapel of Eleonora in the Palazzo Vecchio (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
"Bronzino and The Mannerist Portrait". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
"Bronzino's Portrait of Eleonora di Toledo with her son Giovanni". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
Bronzino: artist and poet. InToscana.
Agnolo Bronzino's Biography, Style and Artworks
The National Gallery: Agnolo Bronzino
Palazzo Strozzi, Florence/Bruce Adolphe's "Of Art and Onions: Homage to Bronzino"
Bibliography
Maurice Brock, Bronzino, Edition du Régard, Paris 2002. ISBN 2-84105-140-4
The Drawings of Bronzino, exh. cat. ed. by Carmen C. Bambach, contr. by Elizabeth Pilliod, Marzia Faietti, Janet Cox-Rearick, Philippe Costamagna, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ISBN 978-1-58839-354-8, 978-0-300-15512-9
Bronzino: pittore e poeta alla corte dei Medici, exh. cat. ed. by Antonio Natali e Carlo Falciani, Palazzo Strozzi, Florence 2010-11. ISBN 978-88-7461-153-9.
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